Heat olive oil in a large pot over medium heat, then add the chicken, diced onion, and crushed garlic cloves, cooking while stirring gently until the chicken is lightly browned and the onion begins to soften.
Pour in the water, white wine, and lemon juice, then stir in the sliced ginger, sugar, bouillon cubes, bay leaves, and peppercorns until everything is well combined.
Bring the soup to a gentle simmer, reduce the heat to medium-low, and let it cook slowly so the flavors can develop fully.
Remove the garlic cloves from the pot and discard them, then take the chicken out and place it on a cutting board.
Chop the cooked chicken into bite-sized pieces and set it aside while continuing with the soup.
Add the carrots, celery, kohlrabi, rosemary, and thyme to the pot, then cook over lower heat until the vegetables begin to soften.
Increase the heat slightly and bring the soup back to a gentle boil to prepare for the final additions.
Return the chopped chicken to the pot along with the egg noodles, minced garlic, and grated ginger, stirring to combine evenly.
Remove the pot from the heat and allow it to sit so the noodles can cook through and become tender without overcooking.
Season the soup with salt to taste, then garnish with fresh parsley before serving warm.